[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.zsjvm.cz\/zakladni-vazby-mezi-atomy\/#Article","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/www.zsjvm.cz\/zakladni-vazby-mezi-atomy\/","headline":"Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vazby mezi atomy","name":"Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vazby mezi atomy","description":"Atom je definov\u00e1n jako nejmen\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice ka\u017ed\u00e9 hmoty a b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem ji\u017e d\u00e1le ned\u011bliteln\u00fd. M\u00e1 sv\u00e9 j\u00e1dro a obal, kter\u00e9 obsahuj\u00ed nabit\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice. V j\u00e1d\u0159e je mo\u017en\u00e9 nal\u00e9zt protony a neutrony, […]","datePublished":"2019-10-16","dateModified":"2023-05-15","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.zsjvm.cz\/author\/#Person","name":"","url":"https:\/\/www.zsjvm.cz\/author\/","identifier":1,"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4ae18345300f35922a2a7b2caa17564b68acab8514eff939a8a019efde378c24?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4ae18345300f35922a2a7b2caa17564b68acab8514eff939a8a019efde378c24?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"zsjvm.cz","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"\/logo.png","url":"\/logo.png","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/www.zsjvm.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/img_a357082_w3868_t1571731929.jpg","url":"https:\/\/www.zsjvm.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/img_a357082_w3868_t1571731929.jpg","height":0,"width":0},"url":"https:\/\/www.zsjvm.cz\/zakladni-vazby-mezi-atomy\/","about":["V\u011bda"],"wordCount":427,"articleBody":"Atom je definov\u00e1n jako nejmen\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice ka\u017ed\u00e9 hmoty a b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem ji\u017e d\u00e1le ned\u011bliteln\u00fd. M\u00e1 sv\u00e9 j\u00e1dro a obal, kter\u00e9 obsahuj\u00ed nabit\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice. V j\u00e1d\u0159e je mo\u017en\u00e9 nal\u00e9zt protony a neutrony, v obalu elektrony. Na vlastnostech atomu z\u00e1vis\u00ed rysy dan\u00e9ho prvku.\tKe vzniku hmoty je t\u0159eba spojen\u00ed n\u011bkolika atom\u016f, z nich\u017e vznikaj\u00ed molekuly a ty pak tvo\u0159\u00ed prvky. Atomy v\u0161ak vedle sebe nemohou b\u00fdt jen tak – pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed b\u00fdt k sob\u011b n\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem p\u0159ipout\u00e1ny. K tomu slou\u017e\u00ed tzv. atomov\u00e9 vazby. Je jich n\u011bkolik druh\u016f, ale ty nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou t\u0159i hlavn\u00ed:\t\tKovov\u00e1 vazba\tTato vazba existuje v kovov\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech. Elektrony jsou mezi sebou v\u00e1z\u00e1ny slab\u011b a je dokonce mo\u017en\u00fd pohyb n\u011bkter\u00fdch, \u00fapln\u011b voln\u00fdch, v dan\u00e9 hmot\u011b, a to bez po\u0161kozen\u00ed struktury. Funguj\u00ed zde p\u0159ita\u017eliv\u00e9 s\u00edly mezi j\u00e1dry atom\u016f a jejich obalem. Kovy maj\u00ed proto obvykle n\u00edzkou tvrdost a pevnost, jsou plastick\u00e9 a tepeln\u011b i elektricky vodiv\u00e9.\tKovalentn\u00ed vazba\tTato vazba je nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ze v\u0161ech a je zalo\u017eena na vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9m sd\u00edlen\u00ed voln\u00fdch elektron\u016f mezi atomy jednoho i v\u00edce prvk\u016f a jejich po\u010det z\u00e1vis\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b na po\u010dtu voln\u00fdch elektron\u016f. L\u00e1tky s t\u011bmito vazbami b\u00fdvaj\u00ed velmi stabiln\u00ed a nerozpustn\u00e9, maj\u00ed vysok\u00fd bod t\u00e1n\u00ed a jsou elektricky i tepeln\u011b nevodiv\u00e9.\t\tIontov\u00e1 vazba\tIonty jsou nabit\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice a mohou b\u00fdt kladn\u00e9 a z\u00e1porn\u00e9. Jist\u011b u\u017e jste vid\u011bli takovou barevnou tabulku zvanou periodick\u00e1 soustava prvk\u016f. Prvky z lev\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti periodick\u00e9 tabulky (zejm\u00e9na ty z prvn\u00ed a druh\u00e9 skupiny) snadno tvo\u0159\u00ed kladn\u011b nabit\u00e9 ionty a jsou ozna\u010dov\u00e1ny jako elektropozitivn\u00ed. Ty z prav\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti r\u00e1dy p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed elektrony (\u0159\u00edk\u00e1 se jim elektronegativn\u00ed prvky) a t\u00edm se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed z\u00e1porn\u011b nabit\u00e9. Opa\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1boje se, jak zn\u00e1mo, p\u0159itahuj\u00ed, a tak se kladn\u011b a z\u00e1porn\u011b nabit\u00e9 ionty p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed a vznikne iontov\u00e1 vazba. Tuto vazbu m\u00edvaj\u00ed pevn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky typu sol\u00ed (t\u0159eba chlorid sodn\u00fd, fluorid v\u00e1penat\u00fd).\tExistuj\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b dal\u0161\u00ed vazby mezi atomy, ty jsou v\u0161ak podstatn\u00e9 o n\u011bco m\u00e9n\u011b. Lze jmenovat nap\u0159\u00edklad Van der Waalsovy mezimolekulov\u00e9 s\u00edly, kter\u00e9 jsou nejslab\u0161\u00ed a lze je nal\u00e9zt kup\u0159\u00edkladu mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi vrstvami grafitu.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        4\/5 - (10 votes)        "},{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vazby mezi atomy","item":"https:\/\/www.zsjvm.cz\/zakladni-vazby-mezi-atomy\/#breadcrumbitem"}]}]